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ECOWAS Declares State of Emergency In West Africa

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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has declared a regional state of emergency across West Africa in response to an unprecedented wave of coups, attempted mutinies, and escalating insecurity. 

The announcement was made on Tuesday, December 9, 2025, by the President of the ECOWAS Commission, Omar Touray, during a ministerial meeting in Abuja, Nigeria.

The state of emergency was declared due to a number of interconnected crises:

A surge in military interventions: The region has experienced several successful and attempted coups in recent years in countries like Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Guinea-Bissau, and a recent failed attempt in Benin.

Erosion of democratic governance: Non-compliance with transition norms and a decline in electoral inclusivity have become major triggers of instability.

Expanding security threats: The influence of terrorists, armed groups, and criminal networks has spread across the region, moving beyond the Sahel to coastal states and creating a high-risk environment for all member states.

Geopolitical pressures: External factors are affecting the diplomacy and cohesion of member states.

Operational Implications

The declaration signals that ECOWAS is prepared to take urgent, coordinated action to defend constitutional order and restore peace.

Coordinated Action: The move is intended to trigger enhanced coordination among member states and more robust security monitoring.

Standby Force: ECOWAS has reiterated its commitment to using its regional standby force, including potential military intervention, where diplomacy fails to safeguard democratic institutions and territorial integrity. Troops have already been ordered to deploy to Benin following the recent coup attempt there.

Commitment to Stability: The regional body aims to pool resources to confront threats like terrorism and banditry and to address the root causes of instability.

The declaration comes amid existing tensions, including the prior withdrawal of military-led Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger from the bloc in 2024, further complicating regional unity. The decision has been made ahead of a summit of ECOWAS Heads of State and Government who are expected to deliberate on further key measures to restore stability.

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